Number of spurious sources was determined by the analysis of four hundred simulated second observations generated from archival ACIS-I background data. Abscissa represents source counts for second exposure. To calculate flux multiply rate by ECF.
The circles marking clusters are ten times the size of the detected source. Point sources are not marked. Detection was done in the 0. Source size is from Gaussian fit to source profile. The variation in the Effective Area EA for the sources is due primarily to telescope vingetting and detector features that are smoothed over by observatory dither.
The complete table is presented only in the electronic edition of the Journal. The points show the measured counts and the histogram shows the best fit model. The plot gives the solid angle in square degrees as a function of the Total band 0.
The nearly uniform exposure times of the ACIS fields, accounts for the rapid rise in coverage at the lowest fluxes. The roll over between about 7 and 9 square degrees is due to the effects of vignetting and the growth of the Chandra point spread function PSF at large off-axis angles. Related Papers. By beth reyes. Occupation and cancer — follow-up of 15 million people in five Nordic countries. By Elisabete Weiderpass.
Potential Evapotranspiration estimation. By Darsi Suhas. Jointness of Determinants of Economics Growth. By Gernot Doppelhofer. Jointness of Growth Determinants.
Download pdf. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.
If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information informit. On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement.
For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature. We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.
Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.
Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson but not the third party web trend services to link information with application and system log data.
Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services. This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising.
Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site. Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.
Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider.
Marketing preferences may be changed at any time. If a user's personally identifiable information changes such as your postal address or email address , we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. I wanted to thanks for your time for this wonderful read!! I definitely enjoying every little bit of it and I have you bookmarked to check out new stuff you blog post.
High quality, niche targeted web readers and I am proud to say that I am an avid reader of your articles :. I simply could not leave your site before suggesting that I really enjoyed the usual info a person provide for your guests? Is gonna be again regularly to check up on new posts. I love being updated to this website ;. One of the must-visit websites because you will surely get the knowledge especially the best website for pdf downloading.
Kiddos to the author! If the computer you are uploading from could subsequently be audited in an investigation, consider using a computer that is not easily tied to you. Technical users can also use Tails to help ensure you do not leave any records of your submission on the computer.
If you have any issues talk to WikiLeaks. We are the global experts in source protection — it is a complex field. Even those who mean well often do not have the experience or expertise to advise properly. This includes other media organisations.
If you are a high-risk source, avoid saying anything or doing anything after submitting which might promote suspicion.
In particular, you should try to stick to your normal routine and behaviour. Although some of the factors that are important in the differentiation of adipocytes are known, the genetic factors that are involved in the difference between individuals in differentiation and development of the interfascular adipocytes and deposition of fat were unknown until recently, as were the genetic variants leading to a high or low marbling score.
In particular, some markers were associated with the increased fat deposition in muscle tissue. Polymorphisms in the retinoid related orphan receptor C gamma RORC have also been found to be associated with increased fat deposition in muscle tissue, as described in our International Publication No.
Thus, although a number of DNA markers associated with lipid metabolism and marbling effects have been reported, there is no comprehensive system for improving marbling. Retail beef yield is the amount of meat that can be obtained from a carcass and sold. Clearly not all of a carcass can be sold for meat, and a substantial amount of fat is cut off and rendered while little of the bone is included in retail cuts. The skin, hooves and horns enter the by-product chain immediately. So the carcass weight of the animal is partitioned and the retail yield attracts much greater prices than that which enters the chain associated with by-products.
Because the amount of fat and bone vary significantly between animals at any weight, purchasing cattle on final weight is not efficient and methods of predicting the amount of retail beef yield that would be obtained from the carcass are currently used, although some methods are of limited accuracy. Retail beef yield can be measured through exhaustive boning out of carcasses, which is time consuming and expensive, and breeding can only be done indirectly through reference to breeding values of sires, who cannot be measured directly.
It can be estimated with varying degrees of accuracy, either through VIASCAN technology or through a comparison of P8 fat thickness and carcass weight. By their nature, this does not allow animals to be selected accurately at feedlot entry, and breeding using these methods requires strong feedback from processors to producers. Such feedback usually can occur in vertically integrated enterprises to enhance breeding.
It has long been a goal of world producers to select directly for feed efficiency. Increased feed efficiency also relates to the sustainability of beef farming in areas where feed resources are scarce or pastures poor. In simple terms, this is the amount of feed a cattle beast eats, under or over the amount predicted from the animal's size weight and growth rate.
The more efficient cattle are those with a lesser net feed intake for the same weight gain i. Net feed intake is expensive and difficult to measure. Individual feed intakes are currently measured over a set test period of seventy 70 days, during which time standard, medium energy hay and grain ration is offered. Test cattle are weighed regularly and their intakes compared with their growth performance to determine if they have eaten more or less than expected.
NFI results are reported as kilograms of feed eaten per day, and generally expressed as an amount above or below the breed average. The more negative the number the more efficient is the animal and its progeny in feed utilisation.
Since net feed intake is moderately heritable, the trait can be improved by direct selection. In view of the difficulty of measuring net feed intake directly, a gene marker test for the trait would be desirable. IGF-1 is moderately heritable 0. The test is currently applicable to Angus and Hereford herds, and it is expected that other breeds will follow as data becomes available.
However, the test lacks precision and still requires that some cattle be measured for feed intake. The present inventor has identified a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms SNP which act as genetic markers for longissimus dorsi peak force LDPF , which is indicative of meat tenderness, intramuscular fat deposition, which is indicative of marbling, retail beef yield and net feed intake characteristics.
Thus the invention allows a rapid and precise test for genetic variation for the relevant trait, which would allow many cattle to be tested over a short period of time, in a cost effective manner, to establish these characteristics. It will be appreciated that the association of an allele or genotype with increased value will often apply across breeds and families within breeds.
However, a particular allele or genotype may not always be associated with increased values across breeds; in one breed the allele or genotype might be associated with an increased value but in another breed it might be associated with decreased value or not be associated with difference in value.
The person skilled in the art will be able to establish the direction of the association. Advantageously the assay is a quantitative assay which is capable of determining the number of copies of each form of the SNP in the nucleic acid sample. However, other DNA based methods such as primer extension and oligonucleotide ligation assays could be used.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for selecting a bovine animal within a population of bovine animals, comprising the steps of:.
An animal selected on this basis may be sorted from the remaining population of bovine animals and managed differently in order to maximise the physical characteristic of the animal. The animal selected by this method may be selected for purposes of breeding from said animal, or a progenitor cell from an animal which exhibits this characteristic may be used in a method for cloning bovine animals.
Therefore, in an embodiment the present invention involves detecting a part of any one of the nucleic acids as set forth in SEQ ID Nos: 1 to According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a solid substrate or surface comprising a plurality of nucleic acids in separate physical locations, including at least one nucleic acid as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 to , or fragments of at least 10 contiguous nucleotides which contain the polymorphism, immobilised thereon.
For example, the nucleic acids of the present invention, or part of their sequence, may be used as a part or the whole of a microarray. Additionally, primers or probes may be designed as described therein to hybridize to any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to or a complementary sequence thereto. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided an oligonucleotide probe, primer or primer pair for detecting the occurrence of a single nucleotide polymorphism as set forth in any one of SEQ ID Nos: 1 to According to a still further aspect of the invention there is provided a method for selecting a bovine animal within a population of bovine animals, comprising the steps of:.
The invention is therefore also concerned, in further aspects, with animals when selected by the method of the invention, their progeny and the use of both selected animals and their progeny for breeding as well as meat from these animals. The methods of the invention are applicable to bovine animals including but not limited to cattle, water buffalo and bison. As used herein it will be understood that NFI is a composite phenotype measured as a function of three primary traits, namely 1 daily feed intake; 2 average daily gain during the feeding period; and 3 body weight or typically metabolic mid-weight.
This being stated, it is anticipated that some users of this technology will be interested in using the gene tests at the primary trait level. This specification contains nucleotide and amino acid sequence information prepared using PatentIn Version 3. In general the polymorphism occurs at position or position 51, depending on whether nucleotides of 50 nucleotides of flanking sequence have been added. The sequence flanking the polymorphism is derived from publicly available sequence information.
The present invention is not restricted to detection of the entire nucleotide sequence or in any way restricted to use of the entire nucleotide sequence.
This information is presented to assist in the design of oligonucleotide premiers and probes, but the person skilled in the art will recognize that such sequence may contain errors and will adjust their design accordingly. Throughout this specification, unless specifically states otherwise or the context requires otherwise, reference to a single step, composition of matter, group of steps or group of compositions of matter shall be taken to encompass one and a plurality i.
The SNPs set forth herein can be used alone or in any combination, therefore the invention envisages detection of any of the possible combinations of SNPs set forth herein. The term should also be taken to encompass a young animal of either gender. The present invention is not be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein, which are intended for the purpose of exemplification only.
Functionally-equivalent products, compositions and methods are clearly within the scope of the invention, as described herein. The present invention may be performed following the description herein without undue experimentation using, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology.
Such procedures are described in various publications referred to throughout the specification, and the content of each such publication is incorporated herein by reference. It will be clearly understood that, although a number of prior art publications are referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that any of these documents forms part of the common general knowledge in the art, in Australia or in any other country.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention described herein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than those specifically described. It is to be understood that the invention includes all such variations and compounds referred to or indicated in this specification, individually or collectively, and any and all combinations or any two or more of said steps or features.
The methods of the invention allow for the management of bovine animals including selection of animals for breeding or cloning. Favourable characteristics may be present in certain animals singly or in combination, and measurement of these traits allows management of individual animals possessing one or more of these traits to maximise the individual potential performance.
In particular, the methods of the invention allow management of feed intake, diet composition and diet related factors such as administration of food additives, feeding methods and management such as introduction of feed lots so that an individual animal may be treated in the most appropriate manner to produce meat of appropriate quality when slaughtered. The principal commercial bovine animals are cattle, and there are many breeds of cattle. Furthermore it will be appreciated that the association of an allele or genotype with increased value will often apply across breeds and families within breeds.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms are allelic variants that occur in a population where a single nucleotide difference is present at a locus. The method of the invention can involve detection of one single nucleotide polymorphism or more than one single nucleotide polymorphism, and can involve detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms which form or are a part of a haplotype which, as used herein, refers to groupings of two or more single nucleotide polymorphisms that are physically present in the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together except when recombination occurs.
0コメント